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The 80286, often just called 286, was the processor used in the PC/AT, the first major upgrade to IBM's PC architecture. Intel made a major revision to its internal architecture, resulting in a processor that was more than twice as fast as its predecessor, the 8088. The 286 was made in a 1.5 micron process, and contains about 134,000 transistors. 
A 286 sitting on its motherboard. This is a 10 MHz version, which I've found to be the most common. 
The bottom-left corner. I should go and get some extra lenses, so I can make pictures that show the chip in its entirety... All these PC CPUs are just so big :-) 
The top-right corner. Typical digital circuitry. 
The top-left corner. 
The bottom-left corner. 
The centre. There's a huge maze of wires, making it difficult to discern the different functional blocks. 
The manufacturer's name (really tiny), and the part number, squeezed in between two huge blocks. 
This structure is near the top-left corner. These thin lines apparently connect the inputs (or outputs) of the thing on the right to something smaller at the top. 
These funny grids are found on several places on the chip. I'm not sure what they are though.
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